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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many people suffering from ADHD suffer from comorbid disorders, like major depression (Kessler and co., 2006). Many sufferers do not respond to medications for depression and may be able to benefit from psychotherapy. Medications that most effectively improve the symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and balance levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain. The most frequently prescribed stimulants include amphetamine, methylphenidate, and similar drugs. Medicines Adults can use many medications to treat ADHD in children. However the dosages differ and the drugs can cause negative side effects that aren't typical of children. A doctor will look at the individual's medical history, family history, and other health conditions to determine which medicine is best for them. The most well-known ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine, and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants such as methylphenidate (also called Adderall) and dextroamphetamine enhance the supply of neurotransmitters that aid in improving focus, reduce impulsivity and reduce aggression. These stimulants are available in different forms, including liquids, skin patches and chewable tablets. These long-acting stimulants are favored because they improve patient compliance, and an easier, longer-lasting improvement in symptoms. It is crucial to keep in mind that comorbid conditions like anxiety or depression can affect the response to ADHD medication. It is therefore recommended that these psychiatric issues be treated first, and medication be used as a second measure. The drugs that can be used to treat comorbid disorders of mood are atomoxetine (Bupropion) tricyclic antidepressants, and bupropion (Wilens, 2004).). Some patients may experience some patients may experience a “rebound” effect where they experience a worsening of ADHD symptoms after discontinuing stimulant medication. In these instances it is possible to try a short-term trial of a low-dose stimulant medication may prove beneficial. Some people cannot tolerate stimulant drugs or are not able to take them due to addiction or other health issues, for example, heart problems that are severe or hypertension. In these situations, nonstimulant medications such as atomoxetine and viloxazine may be beneficial. These drugs do not have the same amount of adverse effects as stimulants, and are lower risks of misuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People with ADHD may benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help them develop techniques to improve their lives manage stress and anxiety, resolve conflicts, and cope with problems in relationships and at work. It can also aid with co-occurring mental illnesses like depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) as well as mind-body cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These therapies are based on the idea that thoughts and beliefs affect how a person behaves, thinks and feels. CBT assists individuals in identifying negative patterns of behavior and thoughts and then develop and implement strategies to change these. Meditation techniques are used in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to help a person focus on their emotions and thoughts as well as control their impulses and improve executive functioning. Schema therapy, and other forms psychotherapy that focus on the family history of a person can be beneficial for those suffering from ADHD. In addition to medicines psychotherapy can assist in addressing the particular issues caused by ADHD like difficulty staying on track with schoolwork, resolving conflicts and getting together with others, losing important dates or responsibilities, and impulsive decisions that result in financial or legal troubles. It can help a person overcome issues of the underlying nature, such as anxiety and depression that could contribute to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can help people find healthy strategies for coping and decrease stress. For instance exercising, improving sleep and healthy eating habits. It can also offer support to a family member or spouse who is struggling with the negative effects ADHD has on their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) CBT is a type of psychotherapy that is focused on helping clients change their negative thinking patterns. It employs dialogue based on skill with a skilled mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. The aim of this treatment is to correct the limitations and implement coping strategies that align with the person's everyday life. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT show clients how to identify unhelpful thinking patterns and assist them to learn to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take a long time. But it is an effective option for those who are not getting adequate relief from medication. A recent RCT study found that when paired with medication, CBT is superior to cognitive behavioral therapy alone in improving core symptoms, emotional symptoms, self-esteem and social functioning in adults with ADHD (Clarke and co., 2017). The combination of CBT and methylphenidate is particularly beneficial for those suffering from more severe underlying problems. Therapists who offer this kind of treatment work with clients to devise an action plan that addresses the specific issues they face. made a post will teach them a set of skills that are simple to master and have a high probability of success. Charts are often used to monitor progress, and to reward positive behavior. This could include the daily report of a child that outlines the tasks they must complete in school or the positive behaviors that need to be displayed, as well as an approach to tracking and earning rewards. Therapists can also talk about the possibility that negative consequences might be inflicted upon a child who does not complete their task. This can be done with care and support. Metacognitive Therapy Metacognitive therapy is an innovative type of psychotherapy that assists people to change their thinking. This type of therapy can be beneficial for people who suffer from various mental health problems like depression. It's a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that assists people recognize their negative thought patterns and how they affect their moods. This kind of therapy can help them develop psychological tools that are adaptable and beneficial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults suffering from ADHD. In order to do this, we compared self and informant-rated daily functioning impairments with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive Knowledge, Regulation of Cognition, Debugging Information Management and Evaluation). It was discovered that comprehensive knowledge was related to daily functioning in adults with ADHD however, the regulatory processes were not. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power, which suggests that they could explain a significant amount of variance in daily functioning of people with ADHD. Metacognitive Therapy (MCT) is an intervention that focuses on changing metacognitive beliefs that are dysfunctional and perpetuate mental states such as worry, rumination, or attention fixation. Adrian Wells developed MCT based on the model of information processing developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. MCT has been shown to be effective in treating anxiety disorder. However, it is still an in-development treatment, and further research is required to determine if it can help with other disorders. This study was designed to determine the efficacy of MCT in decreasing symptoms of anxiety disorder, however it can be applied to a range of disorders, and may be more effective than other treatments. This is not a cure, but it could be employed to treat ADHD. Family Therapy In family therapy, the therapist collaborates with all members of the family. Everyone can gain a better understanding of the issues of the client and learn to assist their loved family members. It also helps them find ways to manage their own anxieties and improve their communication skills. This type of counseling could also be used to address other comorbidities, such as addiction and depression which are frequently associated with ADHD. The therapist will commence with an intake session in order to gain a better understanding of the family's perception of the problem and evaluate their suitability for family intervention. It can be done in person or online. The Therapist will explain to each client the nature of treatment as well as the rules for family therapy. A therapist with experience treating adults suffering from ADHD will ask a variety of questions in order to gain understanding of the client's current symptoms, their past and their impact on their work as well as their family and social life. They will also inquire whether any other mental health issues are present, like depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a kind of counseling that teaches you to manage your behavior and transform negative patterns of thinking to positive ones. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self control by educating you on how to manage anger and stress. This is a short-term option that can be used alongside other types of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy can help people with ADHD overcome emotional burdens resulting from long-standing patterns of underachievement and failure academic issues as well as frequent job changes and conflict in relationships. It can help you learn strategies for managing stress and coping and help you manage your time and money more effectively. It can also help with comorbid disorders such as mood and anxiety disorders that are commonly associated with ADHD.